Spanish Conditional Sentences (Si Clauses)
Conditional sentences describe what happens, or would happen, if a condition is met. In Spanish they are built with si (if), and there are three main types, distinguished by how likely or possible the condition is. Getting the verb forms right in each type is the key to using them correctly
The three types of conditionals
| Type | Si clause | Main clause | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real (likely) | si + present indicative | present, future or imperative | Si llueve, me quedo en casa. |
| Hypothetical (unlikely) | si + imperfect subjunctive | conditional | Si tuviera tiempo, iría. |
| Impossible (past) | si + pluperfect subjunctive | conditional perfect | Si hubiera sabido, habría venido. |
Real Conditions
Use a real condition when the situation is likely or generally true. The si clause takes the present indicative, and the main clause takes the present, the future or a command.
- Si llueve, me quedo en casa. → If it rains, I stay at home.
- Si estudias, aprobarás. → If you study, you will pass.
Hypothetical Conditions
Use a hypothetical condition for situations that are unlikely or contrary to the present facts. The si clause takes the imperfect subjunctive, and the main clause takes the conditional.
- Si tuviera tiempo, iría. → If I had time, I would go.
- Si fuera rico, viajaría por el mundo. → If I were rich, I would travel the world.
Impossible (Past) Conditions
Use this type for situations in the past that did not happen, often expressing regret. The si clause takes the pluperfect subjunctive, and the main clause takes the conditional perfect.
- Si hubiera sabido, habría venido. → If I had known, I would have come.
- Si hubiéramos salido antes, no habríamos perdido el tren. → If we had left earlier, we would not have missed the train.
A Key Rule
The present subjunctive is never used directly after si. Real conditions take the present indicative, while hypothetical and impossible conditions take the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive. The order can also be reversed: the si clause may come first or second, with no change in meaning (Iría si tuviera tiempo).